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The earliest sculpture
已知最早的雕塑作品是发现于河南省密县沟的一件小型人头陶像，属距今7000余年前的裴李岗文化遗物。新石器时代的雕塑作品主要是人和各类动物形象，神话传说的龙等神异形象也已出现。这类作品以陶塑居多，也有少量石、玉、牙、骨等材料的雕刻。有圆雕，也有浮雕、线刻。有的是独立的雕塑作品，有的则是附加于器物盖或口沿、肩部的装饰物。这些作品普遍出现于仰韶文化、马家窑文化、龙山文化、红山文化、河姆渡文化、大溪文化等南北各地古文化遗址之中。人物形象主要有立体的全身像、头像、浮雕人面，以及塑于壶、瓶、罐等容器口部的人头像，以小型作品居多。早期作品形态粗简、夸张，随意捏塑的成分居多。发现于中原和西北地区的一些人头形作品，以捏塑、贴塑和锥刺等手法制作而成，有的并加彩绘，开始了塑绘相结合的传统。眼、口镂空，造成深色阴影，看上去颇有神采。有些作品已注意到表现男女性别的明显差异。如同属仰韶文化的甘肃秦安大地湾、寺嘴等地的彩陶瓶口上的人头像面部磨光，或披长发，是少女的脸型；陕西宝鸡北首岭的陶人头则是画了胡须的男子形象。辽宁喀左东山嘴所出红山文化的小型裸体女像，相当准确地表现了孕妇的体态特征，可能是生育神或农神。这些小型人像塑造的动机可能与巫术活动有关。
The earliest known sculpture is a small pottery statue of human head found in Mixiangou, Henan Province, which belongs to the Peiligang cultural relics more than 7000 years ago. The sculptures of the Neolithic Age are mainly the images of human beings and animals, and mythical and legendary dragons and other mythical images have appeared. Most of these works are pottery sculptures, but there are also a few carvings of stone, jade, teeth, bone and other materials. There are round carvings, relief carvings and line carvings. Some are independent sculptures, others are decorations attached to the cover or edge of the utensils and shoulders. These works generally appear in Yangshao culture, Majiayao culture, Longshan culture, Hongshan culture, Hemudu culture, Daxi culture and other ancient cultural sites in the north and south. Character images mainly include three-dimensional full-body images, head images, relief faces, as well as head images sculpted in the mouth of pots, bottles, cans and other containers, mostly small works. The early works were simple, exaggerated, and most of them were made at will. Discovered in the Central Plains and Northwest China, some of the head-shaped works were made by kneading, pasting and cone-piercing techniques, and some of them were painted, which began the tradition of combining sculpture with painting. The eyes and mouth are hollowed out, causing dark shadows, which look quite elegant. Some works have noticed marked differences between men and women. Like the face polished or long-haired portraits on the bottles of painted pottery in Dawan and Sizui of Qin'an, Gansu Province, which belong to Yangshao Culture, the face of a girl is polished; the head of the pottery portrait in Beishouling, Baoji, Shaanxi Province, is a man with a beard. The small nude female figure of Hongshan culture in Dongshanzui, Kazuo, Liaoning Province, accurately shows the body characteristics of pregnant women, possibly the God of fertility or the God of agriculture. The motives for these miniature portraits may be related to witchcraft activities.zhamenq.75ix.com   zhamenp.75ix.com   zhamen.75ix.com
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